Ways of the World: Chapter 22 Summary Part II

Creating Islamic Societies

• resistence to the world of islam
• islamic opposition to newly independent secular states
• social and economic problems
• isreal 
• mawlana mawdudj and sayyid qutb 
• muslim brotherhood in Egypt
• islamic revolutionaries
• soviet invasion of Afghanistan 
• osama bin laden and Al-Qaueda

Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism 

• democracy and Islamic parties
• Turkey's Gulen movement
• liberation theology and socially engaged Buddhism

Experiencing the Anthoropocene Era

Global Environment Transformed

• Explosion of human population 
• fossil fuels 
• pollution and climate change

Green and Global

• Rachel Carson SILENT SPRING 1962 
• green party 
• saving forests
• protesting mining operations
• conflicts between developed and developing worlds

**suffering

***compassion 

***hope

Ways of the World: Chapter 22 Summary

The Transformation of the World Economy

Reglogalization 

• massive increase in global trade since 1945
• foreign direct investment
• capital ***
• personal credit starts becoming a thing!
• transnational corporations
• new patterns of human migration 

Growth , Instability, and Inequality 

• unprecedented growth 
• what about stability ???
• social justice???
• antiglobalization movements

Globalization and an American Empire

• USA central to globalization 
• force versus soft power
• September 11, 2001
• decline in Americas economic power
• resistance to an American "empire

Globalization of Liberation 

feminism in the west

• simone de Beauvoir, the second sex 1949
• betty friedman THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE 1963
• womens liberation
• women of color and feminism 

Feminism in the south

• women in nationalist revolution
• women in communist revolutions
• ** important role in communism 
• critiques of western feminism 
• women involved in larger struggles

International feminism 

• "womens rights = human rights"
• UN convention to eliminate discrimination against women in 2006
• division
• backlash 

Religion and Global Modernity 

Fundamentalism on a Global scale

•  militant piety
• defensive
• assertive
• exclusive
• percieved threats from science, statesm and capitalism 
• selective rejection of modernity and alternative modernity
• American conservative christians
• Hundutva and Bharativa Janata Party

Ways of the World: Chapter 21 Summary (last couple pages)

Experiments with freedom

• democracy in India (not really anywhere else)
• economic failure and ethnic conflict in Africa
• army rule pushes aside weak civilian party politics
• leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
• Allende, the CIA, and Pinochet in Chile
• starting in 1980s transitions to democracy 

Experiments in Economic development

• overcoming poverty 
• obstacles for the global south 
• disagreements in the field of "development economics" 
• role of the state
• participation in the world market
• uneven results in the global south 

Experiments with Culture

• cultures of tradition and cultures of modernity
• politics of islam dress and gender
• secular modernization 
• islamic republic
• cultural revolution in favor of tradition 

Ways of the World: Chapter 21 Summary

The End of Empire in World History

• new forces of nationalism 
• national self determination 
• nation state
• suddenly empires illegitimate

African and Asian Independence 

• Contradictions of the colonial empires
• a new international climate after WWII
• new elites challenge colonial rule

Comparing freedom struggles

INDIA:

• question "what is indian" arises
• 1885 Indian national congress
• impact of WWI 
• Mohandas Gandhi's satyagraha
• All india Muslim league in 1906
• Muhammad ali jinnah and pakistan
• 1947- Partition 

SOUTH AFRICA:

• Independence but white minority rule 1910 
• British and Boers/Afrikaners
• mature industrial economy using low paid black labor
• pass laws and Bantustans
• African national congress of 1912 
• CCP triumphant in 1949 
• National Partys apartheid of 1948 
• nelson mandela 
• turn toward armed struggle in 1960s 
• international pressure
• 1944 elections 
• continued violence 

Ways of the World: Chapter 20 Summary Party II

The Search for Enemies

• Old regime remnants and high rnking party officials
• counterrevolutionary conspiracies
• stalins terror and great purges

Military conflict and the Cold War

• Europe divided by the iron curtain
• "Hot wars" in Korea and Vietnam
• Marxism vs islam in Afghanistan
• Cuba

Nuclear Standoff and Third World Rivalry 

• Fear of nuclear war
• aid and intervention in the 3rd world

The Cold War and the Superpowers

• "imperial" presidency
• "national security states" 
• "military - industrial complex" 
• american economic and cultural power
• soviet military spending and propaganda
• conflicts with the communist world

Paths to the end of Communism 

CHINA: 

• Deng Xiao's post-Mao reforms
• message of Tiananmen Square 1989

SOVIET UNION:

• nationalist movements
• collapse of regimes in Easter Europe 1989
• USSR becomes russia and 14 other states 1991

Ways of the World: Chapter 20 Summary

Global Communism

• Marxism's path to the future
• Communist revolutions in agrarian societies
• communist parties outside of communist regimes
• Internationalism
• Conflict among communist states

Revolutions as a Path to Communism 

RUSSA:

• Romanov collapse in WWI - Feb 1917
• Continues chaos under provisional government
• Bolsheviks seize power in october of 1917
• Lenins revision of Marxism 
• Civil War 1918-1921
• Stalin in Eastern Europe after WWII

CHINA

• CCP not found until 1921
• Conflict with Chiang Kai-sheks Guomindang
• Chinese peasant villages
• Mao Zedong
• Appealing to women 
• 1937-1954 Japanese invasion

Communist Feminism 

• Sovient state enacts reforms for women
• Zhenotdel 1919-1930 
• "WOMEN CAN DO ANYTHING"
• limited

Socialism in the Countryside

• peasants seize land in russia in 1917 
• "speak bitterness meeting" in china from 1949- 1952
• collectivization and famines

Communism and Industrial Development

• anticapitalist but ardently pro-modernizing
• planned economics with emphasis on industry
• urbanization 
• exploitation of country side
• rise of privileged bureaucrats
• rise of technocrats
• stalin accepts social changes
• Mao does not accept social changes
• 1958-1960 great leap forward
• great proletarian and cultural revolution 
• environmental consequences

Ways of the World: Chapter 19 Summary Part 2

Hitler and Nazis

• similarities to Mussolini and Black Shirts
• Weimar Republic
• "stab in the back"
• economic disaster
• racism
• anti semitism 
• anti communism 
• anti-treaty of versailles
• chancellor in 1933 
• attacked opponents ^ 
• published Mein Kampf
• released Nurembrug Laws
• Anitfeminism 
• male sexuality 

Japanese

• anglo-japanese treaty
• war with china and russia
• empire building in Taiwan, Korea and Manchiria
• admiration from colonial world

Second World War

ASIA:

• Asia- frustration with USA, Europe, and USSR
• invasion of colonial Southeast asia for resources
• Asia for asians 
• reluctant attack on pearl harbor December 7, 1941

EUROPE:

• deliberate planned and desired war : lebensraum
• rearmament and expansion
• france conquered
• britan bombed
• USSR invaded
• Blitzkrieg
• USSR and US turn tide in 1942

Ways of the World: Chapter 19 Summary

The First World War

• European global power 
• rivalry and conflict at home
• June 28, 1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdninand
• ^^ Viewed as kickoff for war 
• nationalism
• alliances between nations
• industrialized militarism
• European empires and trade make it global war

Legacies of Great War

• horrors of war
• disillusionment in Europe 
• Gender and war
• Mothers day vs flappers
• strong self determination in Europe
• 1977- Russian Revolution
• 1919- Treaty of Versailles
• Armenian Genocide
• collapse of ottoman empiree
• rise of turkey 
• Japanese expand to China
• Rise of the USA

The Great Depression

• unraveling of economic systen 1929
• overproduction
• international loans
• stock speculation
• impact on global suppliers of raw materials and food
• import substitution industrializations in Latin America
• Stalins USSR 

Fascism in Europe

• extreme nationalism
• celebration of violence 
• charismatic leader
• reactionary revolutionaries
• anticommunist
• anti democratic
• anti feminist 
• Benito Mussolini
• ^^ Black shirts
• Fasces
• Powerful centralized state

Ways of the World: Chapter 18 Summary

The External Challenge 

• 19th century = greatest age of global expansion
• Europe becomes center of worlds economy
• many europeans moved beyond europe

New Motives New Means 

• demand for raw materials 
• demand for agricultural products
• need for market to sell European products
• growth of mass of nationalism in Europe made imperialism popular
• Europeans employed bc foreign market
• Europeans despised other cultures

African Societies Lost Status

• once nations: leaders were king
• 19th century seen by europeans as tribes led by chiefs
• racism
• hierarchy of races emerges
• felt responsible for the weaker races
• it was seen as inevitable that weaker races be destroyed

Western Pressure

• opium wars
• opium = drug
• opium war changes european and chinese relationships
• british selling large amounts of indian opium in China
• chinese authorities realize opium is bad
• opium addictions being seen so authorities try stopping trade
• european merchants bribe officials
• large quantities of silver spent  on opium 

Ways of the World : Chapter 17 Summary

Industrial Revolution

• technological innovations
• greatest breakthrough steam engine
• transformation of agriculture
• appeared first in great Britain

Industrial Revolution in Britain

• Britain was most commercialized
• farmers pushed out of farms
•  aristocrats interested in commerce
• railroad system
• middle class had most gains

Women

• many women began working
• were being paid less than men
• women "stealing" jobs from men
• after marriage tried leaving paid labor

Effects of Revolution

• overpopulation
• began producing more at less of a price
• jobs were dangerous
• increase in child labor
• many left homes in farms to go work
• quality of products decreased

The Laboring Classes 

• 70% of people working 
• suffered most
• benefited least from revolution
• fast urbanization
• bad sanitation
• long hours
• low wages
• child labor 
• woman would work 

Social Protest

• wreck machinery
• burned mills
• trade unions legalized 
• labor protest
• 
  

Foundresses Week

Lunch with the Sisters

This past week, Notre Dame de Namur University celebrated its Foundresses Week. Throughout this week, NDNU held different events to involve its students in this celebration. One of the events I attended this week was lunch with the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. At this event, I was able to meet Sister Rosanne Murphy. Meeting Sister Rosanne was something I found pretty exciting because last semester we read her book, Martyr of the Amazon. Sister Rosanne sat next to me and began to ask me about my life. Genuinely intrigued to learn more about her, I asked Sister Rosanne about her life as a Sister of Notre Dame. We continued to talk throughout the lunch without realizing how much time had gone by. We got up to grab lunch and Sister Rosanne began to joke about how she finally felt like she was at normal height because I was so tall. Towards the end of the lunch, the sisters performed a song in three different languages. It was so beautiful seeing all the Sisters perform a song which was able to bring the entire room together in unity.

Ways of the World: Chapter 16 Summary

Revolutions

• North America, Europe, Haiti, and Latin America revolutions influenced each other.
• grew out of enlightenment
• "popular sovereignty to govern people
• john locke- "social contract" should only be in order as long as it serves the people
• gave ammunition to groups without political rights
• extended political rights

North American Revolution

• aimed to preserve colonial liberties
• political power remained in the hands of existing elites
• "creating a new world order"
• USA “the hope and model of the human race”
• "right to revolution" inspired others throughout the world

French Revolution

• declaration of rights of man and citizen launched revolution
• driven by pronounced social conflicts
• middle class resented aristocratic privileges
• the Church was subjected to government authority
• the Terror (1793–1794) killed tens thousands of people

Haitian revolution

• most were slaves
• power shifted to slaves
• only successful slave result in world history
• led to great hope and great fear
• led to Napolean selling Louisianna territory
• increased slavery elsewhere

Spanish American Revolution

• creoles offended by monarchy
• torn by class and race
• relationship with North America reversed

Echoes of Revolution

• led to greater social equality and liberation from foreign rule
• enlarged voting rights
• abolitionist, nationalist, and feminist movements arose

Abolition of Slavery

• Enlightenment thinkers critical of slavery
• "slavery wasn’t necessary for economic progress"
• it took a major civil war to end slavery in US
• in southern United States, a period of political rights was followed by segregationist, racist reaction

Nationalism

• powerful

Feminism

• European Enlightenment thinkers sometimes challenged the idea that women were innately inferior
• more educational opportunities and less household drudgery for middle-class women
• women increasingly joined temperance movements, charities, abolitionist movements, missionary work, etc.
• the movement led to discussion of the role of women in modern society

Ways of the World: Chapter 15 Summary

Religion vs Science:

• tension between science vs religion 
• time of cultural reformation
• science = new worldview 

Protestant Reformation

• martin luther - 95 thesis 
• criticism of roman catholic church
• grounded on theological difference
• salvation = through faith rather than hard work

Scientific Revolution

• "modern" vs "ancient"
• altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos
• challenged the teachings and authority of the Church
• challenged ancient social hierarchies and political systems
•  also used to legitimize racial and gender inequality
• Galileo; "earth was no center of universe"

Science and Enlightenment

• central theme of Enlightenment: the idea of progress

Ways of the World: Chapter 14 Summary

Europeans and Asian Commerce

• Europeans wanted commercial connection with Asia
• Columbus+Vasco De Gama both seek route to asia
• SPICES

Portugues Empire of Commerce

• Indian Ocean commerce highly rich and diverse
• Portuguese did not have goods for effective competition  → Portuguese began piracy
• Portuguese created "trading post-empire"
• wanted to control commerce not territories
• operated by force of arms
• many settled in Asian or African ports

Spain and the Phillipeans

• Spain first to challenge Portugal's control of Asian trade
• Establishment of Spanish base in Phillipeans
• Spain introduced forced relocation, tribute, taxes, unpaid labor

East India Companies

• dutch and English entered Indian ocean commerce
• soon displaced the Portuguese → competed with each other
• both dutch and English organize private trading companies  to handle Indian ocean trade
• chartered by their government
• had power to start war and govern conquered people
• Dutch focused on Indonesia
• English focused on India

Dutch East India Company

• controlled shipping and production of: cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace
• seized small spice producing islands and forced to sell only to dutch
• Dutch killed / enslaved almost entire population → replaced with Dutch planters and slaves

British East India Company

• not well financed, not as good as Duch E.I. company
• couldnt get into spice islands
• major trade settlements in India

Silver and Global Commerce

• china → growing demand for silver
• value of silver skyrocketed
• silver centeral to world trade
• bulk of worlds silver supply ended in China
• Spanish silver brought to Europe used to buy asian good
• silver bought African slaves and spices
• "piece of eight"
• silver enriched Spanish monarchy
• ***caused inflation in Spain

The "World Hunt": Fur in Global Commerce

• Europes fur bearing animals diminish
• intense competition for furs in N. America
• French  → great lakes, St. Lawrence valley, Mississippi river
• dutch → New York

NORTH AMERICAN FUR TRADE

• Europeans traded with indians for furs or skins
• beavers+others driven to near extinction
• trade profitable for indians  → received goods of real value
• fur trade  → higher levels of inter-Indian warfare

** Native Americans became dependent on European goods → many traditional crafts lost

The Atlantic Slave Trade

• 11 million Africa → Americas
• millions die in process
• led to mixed societies
• metaphor for social oppression
• slave status inherited
• driven by European demand
• Europeans traded with African merchants

Sugar

• sugar production work was difficult and dangerous - perfect job for slaves

Ways of the World: Chapter 13 Summary

In Chapter 13 we learned the Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch were trying to expand to new lands.

•  Spanish →  Carribean → Aztec and Inca empires.
•   Portuguese  → Brazil
• British, French, and Dutch → North America

**BY MID 19TH CENTURY EUROPEAN MOST OF THE AMERICAS

The European Advantage

• Their geography was important. European Atlantic states were well positioned for involvement in the Americas 
• need/want to become involved in Indian Ocean Trade
• religion
• weapons: guns, swords, horses
• diseases: Europeans immune to diseases but natives were dying out

The Great Dying

• 90% of natives died out
• Europeans brought diseases (Europeans immune, natives not)

Columbian Exchange

• the great dying → death of natives → labor shortage
• indentured servants and African slaves
• brought plants + animals to America'ss

Europeans at the time

• **mercantilism: governments should encourage exports to serve countries 

Aztecs and Incas

• natives put into forced labor 
• Spaniards divides: ex-mestizos - mixed race 
• large death rates

Sugar

• transformed Brazil and the Carribean
• Portuguese in Brazil dominated sugar market
• British, French, Dutch in Carribean broke portuguese monopoly
• production was intense
• large use of slave labor →  natives wiped out →  imported african slaves

North America 

• 90% of N. American population was European
• natives killed off by diseases
• became dominant

Where Did Dr. Andrews Go This Winter Break?

Somewhere with farms. My most educated guess: Wisconsin.