Ways of the World: Chapter 22 Summary Part II

Creating Islamic Societies

• resistence to the world of islam
• islamic opposition to newly independent secular states
• social and economic problems
• isreal 
• mawlana mawdudj and sayyid qutb 
• muslim brotherhood in Egypt
• islamic revolutionaries
• soviet invasion of Afghanistan 
• osama bin laden and Al-Qaueda

Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism 

• democracy and Islamic parties
• Turkey's Gulen movement
• liberation theology and socially engaged Buddhism

Experiencing the Anthoropocene Era

Global Environment Transformed

• Explosion of human population 
• fossil fuels 
• pollution and climate change

Green and Global

• Rachel Carson SILENT SPRING 1962 
• green party 
• saving forests
• protesting mining operations
• conflicts between developed and developing worlds

**suffering

***compassion 

***hope

Ways of the World: Chapter 22 Summary

The Transformation of the World Economy

Reglogalization 

• massive increase in global trade since 1945
• foreign direct investment
• capital ***
• personal credit starts becoming a thing!
• transnational corporations
• new patterns of human migration 

Growth , Instability, and Inequality 

• unprecedented growth 
• what about stability ???
• social justice???
• antiglobalization movements

Globalization and an American Empire

• USA central to globalization 
• force versus soft power
• September 11, 2001
• decline in Americas economic power
• resistance to an American "empire

Globalization of Liberation 

feminism in the west

• simone de Beauvoir, the second sex 1949
• betty friedman THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE 1963
• womens liberation
• women of color and feminism 

Feminism in the south

• women in nationalist revolution
• women in communist revolutions
• ** important role in communism 
• critiques of western feminism 
• women involved in larger struggles

International feminism 

• "womens rights = human rights"
• UN convention to eliminate discrimination against women in 2006
• division
• backlash 

Religion and Global Modernity 

Fundamentalism on a Global scale

•  militant piety
• defensive
• assertive
• exclusive
• percieved threats from science, statesm and capitalism 
• selective rejection of modernity and alternative modernity
• American conservative christians
• Hundutva and Bharativa Janata Party

Ways of the World: Chapter 21 Summary (last couple pages)

Experiments with freedom

• democracy in India (not really anywhere else)
• economic failure and ethnic conflict in Africa
• army rule pushes aside weak civilian party politics
• leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
• Allende, the CIA, and Pinochet in Chile
• starting in 1980s transitions to democracy 

Experiments in Economic development

• overcoming poverty 
• obstacles for the global south 
• disagreements in the field of "development economics" 
• role of the state
• participation in the world market
• uneven results in the global south 

Experiments with Culture

• cultures of tradition and cultures of modernity
• politics of islam dress and gender
• secular modernization 
• islamic republic
• cultural revolution in favor of tradition 

Ways of the World: Chapter 21 Summary

The End of Empire in World History

• new forces of nationalism 
• national self determination 
• nation state
• suddenly empires illegitimate

African and Asian Independence 

• Contradictions of the colonial empires
• a new international climate after WWII
• new elites challenge colonial rule

Comparing freedom struggles

INDIA:

• question "what is indian" arises
• 1885 Indian national congress
• impact of WWI 
• Mohandas Gandhi's satyagraha
• All india Muslim league in 1906
• Muhammad ali jinnah and pakistan
• 1947- Partition 

SOUTH AFRICA:

• Independence but white minority rule 1910 
• British and Boers/Afrikaners
• mature industrial economy using low paid black labor
• pass laws and Bantustans
• African national congress of 1912 
• CCP triumphant in 1949 
• National Partys apartheid of 1948 
• nelson mandela 
• turn toward armed struggle in 1960s 
• international pressure
• 1944 elections 
• continued violence 

Ways of the World: Chapter 20 Summary Party II

The Search for Enemies

• Old regime remnants and high rnking party officials
• counterrevolutionary conspiracies
• stalins terror and great purges

Military conflict and the Cold War

• Europe divided by the iron curtain
• "Hot wars" in Korea and Vietnam
• Marxism vs islam in Afghanistan
• Cuba

Nuclear Standoff and Third World Rivalry 

• Fear of nuclear war
• aid and intervention in the 3rd world

The Cold War and the Superpowers

• "imperial" presidency
• "national security states" 
• "military - industrial complex" 
• american economic and cultural power
• soviet military spending and propaganda
• conflicts with the communist world

Paths to the end of Communism 

CHINA: 

• Deng Xiao's post-Mao reforms
• message of Tiananmen Square 1989

SOVIET UNION:

• nationalist movements
• collapse of regimes in Easter Europe 1989
• USSR becomes russia and 14 other states 1991

Ways of the World: Chapter 20 Summary

Global Communism

• Marxism's path to the future
• Communist revolutions in agrarian societies
• communist parties outside of communist regimes
• Internationalism
• Conflict among communist states

Revolutions as a Path to Communism 

RUSSA:

• Romanov collapse in WWI - Feb 1917
• Continues chaos under provisional government
• Bolsheviks seize power in october of 1917
• Lenins revision of Marxism 
• Civil War 1918-1921
• Stalin in Eastern Europe after WWII

CHINA

• CCP not found until 1921
• Conflict with Chiang Kai-sheks Guomindang
• Chinese peasant villages
• Mao Zedong
• Appealing to women 
• 1937-1954 Japanese invasion

Communist Feminism 

• Sovient state enacts reforms for women
• Zhenotdel 1919-1930 
• "WOMEN CAN DO ANYTHING"
• limited

Socialism in the Countryside

• peasants seize land in russia in 1917 
• "speak bitterness meeting" in china from 1949- 1952
• collectivization and famines

Communism and Industrial Development

• anticapitalist but ardently pro-modernizing
• planned economics with emphasis on industry
• urbanization 
• exploitation of country side
• rise of privileged bureaucrats
• rise of technocrats
• stalin accepts social changes
• Mao does not accept social changes
• 1958-1960 great leap forward
• great proletarian and cultural revolution 
• environmental consequences

Ways of the World: Chapter 19 Summary Part 2

Hitler and Nazis

• similarities to Mussolini and Black Shirts
• Weimar Republic
• "stab in the back"
• economic disaster
• racism
• anti semitism 
• anti communism 
• anti-treaty of versailles
• chancellor in 1933 
• attacked opponents ^ 
• published Mein Kampf
• released Nurembrug Laws
• Anitfeminism 
• male sexuality 

Japanese

• anglo-japanese treaty
• war with china and russia
• empire building in Taiwan, Korea and Manchiria
• admiration from colonial world

Second World War

ASIA:

• Asia- frustration with USA, Europe, and USSR
• invasion of colonial Southeast asia for resources
• Asia for asians 
• reluctant attack on pearl harbor December 7, 1941

EUROPE:

• deliberate planned and desired war : lebensraum
• rearmament and expansion
• france conquered
• britan bombed
• USSR invaded
• Blitzkrieg
• USSR and US turn tide in 1942